Nano toxicology is the study of the toxicity of nanomaterials. Because of quantum size effects and large surface area to volume ratio, nanomaterials have unique properties compared with their larger counterparts that affect their toxicity. Of the possible dangers, inhalation exposure appears to present the most concern, with animal studies showing pulmonary effects such as inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenicity for some nanomaterials. Skin contact and ingestion exposure are also a concern.

Optics and Lasers in Engineering aims to provide an international medium for the interchange of information on the development and application of optical techniques and laser technology in engineering. Emphasis is placed on contributions dealing with the practical use of methods and devices, the evaluation of results and developments and enhancement of solutions and new theoretical foundations for experimental methods

Development of Nanotechnology and creating of Nano materials opened new perspectives for a number of areas of industry. These materials explain enlarged strength, toughness, biocompatibility, and can ensure higher service properties, reliability and systems.

DNA nanotechnology is the design and manufacture of artificial nucleic acid structures for technical uses. In this field, nucleic acids are used as non-biological engineering materials for nanotechnology rather than as the carriers of genetic information in living cells. Researchers in the field have created static structures such as two- and three-dimensional crystal lattices, nanotubes, polyhedral, and arbitrary shapes, and functional devices such as molecular machines and DNA computers. The field is beginning to be used as a tool to solve basic science problems in structural biology and biophysics, including applications in X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins to determine structures. Potential applications in molecular scale electronics and Nano medicine are also being investigated.

Formulation studies include developing a preparation of the drug which is both stable and acceptable to the patient. For orally administered drugs, this usually includes incorporating the drug into a tablet or a capsule. It is important to make the difference that a tablet contains a variety of other potentially inert substances apart from the drug itself, and studies have to be carried out to ensure that the encapsulated drug is compatible with these other substances in a way that does not cause destruction, whether direct or indirect. Formulation studies also consider such factors as particle size, polymorphism, pH, and solubility, as all of these can influence bioavailability and hence the action of a drug. The drug must be combined with inactive ingredients by a method which ensures that the quantity of drug present is consistent in each dosage unit e.g. each tablet. The dosage should have a uniform appearance, with an acceptable taste, tablet hardness, or capsule disintegration.

Cancer nanotechnology is a branch of nanotechnology concerned with the application of both nanomaterials (such as nanoparticles for tumour imaging or drug delivery) and nanotechnology approaches (such as nanoparticle-based theranostics) to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer

Nanotechnology will be used for Detection, Diagnostics, Therapeutics and Monitoring. Themes like Nanotechnology based Imaging Skills and Lab-on-a-Chip Point of Care Diagnostics, Advanced Nano-Bio-Sensor Technologies, Implantable Nano sensors, Nano Arrays for Advanced Diagnostics and Therapy, Invasive Therapy Technologies and Cellular based Therapy might be talked about

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. These cylindrical carbon molecules have unusual properties, which are valuable for nanotechnology, electronics, optics and other fields of materials science and technology. Owing to the material's exceptional strength and rigidity, nanotubes have been built with length-to-diameter ratio of up to 132,000,000:1, significantly larger than for any other material. In addition, owing to their extraordinary thermal conductivity, mechanical, and electrical properties, carbon nanotubes find applications as flavors to various structural materials. For instance, It form a tiny portion of the material(s) in some (primarily carbon fibre) baseball bats, golf clubs, car parts or Damascus steel.

Nano materials are considered as materials with no less than one outside measurement in the size extent from around 1-100 nanometers. Nanoparticles that are usually happening (e.g., volcanic powder, ash from woodland fires) or are the accidental side effects of ignition procedures (e.g., welding, diesel motors) are generally physically and synthetically heterogeneous and often termed as ultrafine particles. Built nanoparticles are intentionally delivered and planned with particular properties identified with shape, size, surface properties and science. These properties are revealed in mist concentrates, colloids, or powders. Regularly, the conduct of nanomaterials might depend more on surface region than molecule arrangement itself. Nanotubes, Nano clays and quantum dabs will be the quickest developing species.

Graphene is one of types of carbon known as its "allotropes". These are fundamentally unique types of a similar component, in which similar particles security together in various ways. For instance, particles of oxygen can tie together as two iotas – O2, which makes up a fifth of Earth's air – or as three molecules, ozone, which shields us from bright radiation.  On account of carbon, beside ash and charcoal, the most usually known structures are jewel, graphite, and the fullerenes

Nanotechnology applications are being researched currently, tested and in some cases already applied across the entire scope of food technology, from water treatment, agriculture to food processing, packaging and food supple.

Nano robotics is the technology that is used to create machines whose size is in nanometer. Mainly Nano robots are of high significance in the research and development phase. The main purpose of nano robots is to carry out a specific task redundantly and with precision at nano scale dimensions. Nano robots are used in medical field to destroy cancer cells and for other purposes.

The Nano is the highest building block for healthcare, structural material, in electronics, automation, etc., and will become the platform for new cutting edge technologies to grow for the better living of mankind. Nanotechnology is fast gaining traction across a range of industries, from agriculture to water treatment to energy storage. Today, nanotechnology is one of the most advanced, cutting-edge areas of scientific study and it continues to advance at staggering rates. From scientists at technology-focused companies and institutions to students pursuing a nanotechnology degree, leaders in nanotechnology are creating the latest innovations in this field.

Solar Power - Nanotechnologies provide the potential to enhance energy efficiency across all branches of industry and to economically leverage renewable energy production through new technological solutions and optimized production technologies. Nanotechnology innovations could impact each part of the value-added chain in the energy sector.

Organic constituents that are naturally present in foods such as protein, carbohydrate and fat can vary in size from large polymers to simpler molecules in the Nano range. These nanomaterials can be synthesized for specific purposes such as the encapsulation of nutrients to increase bioavailability, enhance taste, texture and constancy of foodstuffs or mask an undesirable taste or odour.

Nano tribology can be defined as the investigations of interfacial processes, on scales ranging in the molecular and atomic scale, occurring during adhesion, friction, scratching, wear, Nano indentation, and thin-film lubrication at sliding surfaces. Nanotribological studies disclose behavior that can be quite different from those observed at macroscopic levels.

The Internet of Things (IoNT), built from inexpensive micro sensors and microprocessors paired with tiny power supplies and wireless antennas, is rapidly expanding the online universe from computers and mobile gadgets to normal pieces of the physical world: thermostats, cars, door locks, even pet trackers. Tiny sensors could take medicine, energy efficiency and many other sectors to a whole new dimension. New IoNT devices are declared almost daily, and analysts estimated up to 30 billion of them to be online by 2020.

The new drug carriers in Nano-scale offer the chance of development and increase the therapeutic index of drug molecules. This growing is proved by their effectiveness; decrease their toxicity for physiological tissues. The methods of drug delivery are of importance for medicine and healthcare. Materials and nanotechnology play an important role to make development of drug delivery.